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Created page with "What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users gain meaning from and each ot..."
 
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users gain meaning from and each other. It is often seen as a component of language, but it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to communicate, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field it is comparatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics, [http://ecornd.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=31511 프라그마틱 무료] and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and 프라그마틱 무료게임 [[http://twizax.org/Question2Answer/index.php?qa=user&qa_1=soytank25 twizax.Org]] development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top authors of pragmatics based on their number of publications alone. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine if words are meant to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on how our ideas about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not an academic discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right, since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater detail. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that semantics is already determining the logical implications of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in various situations. For  [https://socialbookmarknew.win/story.php?title=how-to-save-money-on-pragmatic-slots-free-trial 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] instance, it's polite in some cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in the field. There are a myriad of areas of research, such as pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and [https://zzb.bz/SPuAG 프라그마틱 정품 확인법] intercultural linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an speech and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics developed in many different directions. These include conversational pragmatics and [http://www.zybls.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=749989 프라그마틱 무료] computational linguistics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear, and that they are the identical.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular instances fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This method is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions such as what do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it is different from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept approaches to pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have studied.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in research on pragmatics. However, their rank varies depending on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, [https://buketik39.ru/user/artmallet4/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It studies the ways that an phrase can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as a branch of linguistics or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our ideas about the meaning and use of language influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled many of the debates. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and  [http://delphi.larsbo.org/user/hawkghana3 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, [https://www.pmxwiki.xyz/index.php/User:RomaineBryson9 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, [http://voprosi-otveti.ru/user/artiran6 프라그마틱 환수율] 슈가러쉬 ([https://vuf.minagricultura.gov.co/Lists/Informacin%20Servicios%20Web/DispForm.aspx?ID=9105417 click here!]) the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research include formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics like syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are distinguished by a wide variety of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and  [https://www.play56.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=3535860 프라그마틱 순위] the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go back and forth between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For instance, some scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches, attempting to capture the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.

Revision as of 05:52, 11 February 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions such as what do people mean by the words they use?

It's a way of thinking that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it is different from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.

As a field of research it is still young and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and anthropology.

There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept approaches to pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have studied.

Research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in research on pragmatics. However, their rank varies depending on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It studies the ways that an phrase can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was first developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as a branch of linguistics or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our ideas about the meaning and use of language influence our theories about how languages work.

There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled many of the debates. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatism.

The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.

There are different opinions regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, 프라그마틱 환수율 슈가러쉬 (click here!) the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research include formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics like syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are distinguished by a wide variety of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and 프라그마틱 순위 the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same thing.

It is not unusual for scholars to go back and forth between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For instance, some scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches, attempting to capture the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.